7×
GHR Upregulation
Growth hormone receptor by day 3
⚠️ FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES ONLY — This compound is not FDA approved. All data presented is from clinical trials for educational reference.
Regenerative Peptide
BPC-157
Body Protection Compound-157PL-14736PLD-116Bepecin
A 15-amino acid peptide derived from human gastric juice that demonstrates protection and regenerative effects in animal cell models. Premium Research Peptide.
Dosage
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7/12
Human Patients
Reported pain relief >6 months
200+
Publications
Peer-reviewed studies since 1991
No LD50
Achieved
No lethal dose found in toxicity studies
14-21days
Typical Timeline
For observable effects in studies
How BPC-157 Works
The Science, Simplified
Multi-Pathway Healing Mechanism
BPC-157 works through several interconnected biological pathways that promote healing and tissue repair. It activates various cellular repair mechanisms, promotes blood vessel formation, and modulates inflammation — creating an optimal environment for tissue regeneration.
VEGFPrimary
VEGFR2 Pathway
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2
Promotes new blood vessel formation
Increases blood flow to injured areas
Activates endothelial cell proliferation
NOModulatory
Nitric Oxide System
eNOS/Nitric Oxide Signaling
Dilates blood vessels
Improves oxygen delivery
Protects against ischemia
GFSupportive
Growth Factor Pathways
FAK-paxillin, JAK-2, ERK1/2
Enables cell migration to injury sites
Promotes cell survival and growth
Activates tissue repair genes
Key Mechanism
VEGFR2-Akt-eNOS Signaling Cascade
BPC-157 activates the VEGFR2 pathway, promoting receptor internalization and downstream signaling. This triggers the Akt-eNOS cascade, increasing nitric oxide production and new blood vessel formation (angiogenesis) at injury sites.
J Mol Med (2017): BPC-157 upregulates VEGFR2 expression, promotes receptor internalization, and activates VEGFR2-Akt-eNOS signaling — accelerating blood flow recovery in ischemic tissue models.
VEGFR2 Expression↑ Upregulated
Receptor Internalization↑ Enhanced
Akt Phosphorylation↑ Time-dependent
eNOS Activation↑ Increased NO
Growth Pathway
GHR Upregulation & Tissue Repair
BPC-157 significantly increases Growth Hormone Receptor (GHR) expression, amplifying the body's natural regenerative signaling. This enhanced GHR activity contributes to accelerated tissue repair and recovery.
Key finding: GHR expression increased 7-fold by day 3 in treated tissue, suggesting BPC-157 primes cells for enhanced growth factor responsiveness.
GHR Expression (Day 3)7× increase
FAK Phosphorylation↑ Dose-dependent
Paxillin Activation↑ Enhanced
Cell Migration↑ 70% faster
What Research Has Shown
Summary of preclinical and early clinical findings
7/12
Patients Reported Pain Relief >6 Months (Only Human Study)
Key Preclinical Findings
Tendon Fibroblast Outgrowth-95%
Cell Migration (Wound Healing)-90%
Cell Survival Under Stress-85%
VEGFR2 Expression-88%
Key finding: BPC-157 dose-dependently increased cell migration, FAK/paxillin phosphorylation, and cell survival under oxidative stress in tendon fibroblast models (J Applied Physiology, 2011).
Key Outcomes
Research Success Metrics
Summary of findings from peer-reviewed studies:
58%of participants
Pain relief >6 monthsHuman knee study (n=12)
100%of participants
No toxicity observedAll preclinical studies
92%of participants
Positive outcomesIn musculoskeletal models
Important: Most evidence comes from preclinical (animal) studies. Human data is limited to one small study. Results require validation in larger clinical trials.
Preclinical Evidence
Observed Effects in Preclinical Models
Accelerated Wound Closure
95%
Increased Blood Vessel Formation
88%
Enhanced Cell Migration
90%
Reduced Inflammation
82%
Mechanism: Effects are mediated primarily through VEGFR2-Akt-eNOS signaling pathway activation and FAK-paxillin phosphorylation.
Healing Time Reduction
Faster recovery observed in preclinical injury models (% reduction in healing time):
Tendon TransectionRat Achilles model
-50%Skin Wound ClosureAlkali burn model
-45%Muscle Crush InjuryRat quadriceps
-40%Research Applications
Areas studied in preclinical research
Tendon
HealingAccelerated tendon repair observed in animal transection and injury models
Enhanced fibroblast outgrowth and collagen synthesis
J Applied PhysiologyGI Tract
ProtectionGastrointestinal protective effects in ulcer and colitis models
Stable in gastric juice for 24+ hours
Gut and Liver JournalNeuro
Protection
Brain injury and dopamine/serotonin modulation studied
Curr NeuropharmacologyBone
HealingOsteogenic effects observed in fracture models
Enhanced bone defect healing in rabbit studies
J Orthop ResearchMusculoskeletal
Tendon, Ligament & Muscle Healing
Preclinical studies show significant improvements in tissue repair markers vs untreated controls.
Tendon fibroblast outgrowthvs control explants
+85%Cell migration speedTranswell assay
+70%Cell survival under stressH₂O₂ exposure
+60%Key finding: BPC-157 activates FAK-paxillin signaling pathway, promoting cell migration and tissue outgrowth in tendon explant models.
Gastrointestinal
Gut Protection & Healing
Originally isolated from gastric juice, BPC-157 has been extensively studied for GI applications.
Gastric UlcersAccelerated healing
Colitis ModelsReduced inflammation
Fistula HealingImproved closure
Intestinal AnastomosisEnhanced repair
Neuroprotection
Brain & Nervous System
Brain-Gut
Axis modulation studied
Observed effects: Modulates serotonin and dopamine systems; reduced brain damage in TBI models; improved spinal cord injury outcomes in rats.
Research Combinations
Complementary Peptide Mechanisms
Research suggests BPC-157 and TB-500 work through different but complementary pathways, which is why they're often studied together.
BPC-157 PrimaryVEGFR2/Angiogenesis
TB-500 PrimaryActin regulation/Cell motility
OverlapBoth reduce inflammation
Combined UseStudied in animal models
Research context: The combination has been called 'Wolverine blend' in research circles due to observed synergistic healing effects in preclinical studies.
Dosing Information from Research
From preclinical studies and clinical trials
BPC-157 has been administered via multiple routes in research settings. Most animal studies use μg/kg or ng/kg dosing, while the Phase 1 human trial tested oral tablets. The compound demonstrates remarkable stability in gastric juice.
Human Clinical Trial
Phase 1 Clinical Trial (NCT02637284)
The only registered human clinical trial studied oral BPC-157 tablets in 42 healthy volunteers (ages 18-35) to assess safety and pharmacokinetics. Conducted in Tijuana, Mexico with randomized, placebo-controlled design.
1xDose
1mg, 3mg, or 6mg oral tablet
Single administration
Pharmacokinetic assessment
3xDaily
3mg oral tablet
Three times daily × 14 days
9mg total daily dose for 2 weeks
Phase 1 safety study — results not yet published
Status: Completed (2016)
Preclinical Research
Preclinical Dosing (Animal Studies)
Animal studies have used doses ranging from nanograms to micrograms per kilogram body weight, administered via IP, IM, IV, SC, and oral routes.
10μg/kg
Standard research dose
1-2x daily
Most common in rat musculoskeletal studies
10ng/kg
Ultra-low dose
1x daily
Effective at 1000x lower concentration
500μg/kg
High dose (safety studies)
Variable
No toxicity observed even at high doses
Effective across a 1000-fold dose range
No dose-limiting toxicity identified
Oral bioavailability confirmed (gastric stable 24+ hrs)
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetic Profile
Half-life (IV/IM)Time for half the dose to be eliminated<30 minutes
Peak concentrationTime to maximum blood levels3-9 minutes (IM)
Bioavailability (IM)Percentage reaching systemic circulation14-19% (rats), 45-51% (dogs)
Gastric stabilityStability in stomach acid24+ hours intact
ExcretionUrine and bile
MetabolismDegraded to amino acids
Short half-life is typical for peptide drugs.
Stability in gastric juice supports oral administration.
Rapid metabolism into normal amino acid pathways suggests safety.
Safety Profile from Research
What preclinical and early clinical studies report
BPC-157 has demonstrated a favorable safety profile in preclinical studies, with no significant toxicity observed across multiple animal species. However, human clinical data remains very limited, and the compound is not FDA approved.
Common Digestive Issues
5%
Local Irritation
mild
3%
GI Discomfort
mild
Theoretical Concerns
Theoretical ConcernsPotential risks requiring further investigation
Because BPC-157 promotes angiogenesis (blood vessel growth), there are theoretical concerns about potential effects on tumor growth. This has not been studied and remains speculative.
- Pro-angiogenic effects could theoretically affect tumors
- No cancer studies have been conducted
- Long-term effects in humans unknown
- Not approved by FDA or any regulatory agency
Discontinuation Rates
Preclinical Safety Summary
LD50Not achieved
Acute toxicityNone observed
Chronic toxicityNone in 6-month studies
Organ toxicityNone detected
No lethal dose was reached in preclinical toxicology studies.
No adverse effects on cardiac, hepatic, renal, or reproductive systems.
Human IV pilot study (10-20mg) showed no adverse effects on biomarkers.
Trial Exclusions
Important Considerations
Not FDA approved for any indicationBanned by WADA since 2022 (S0 category)Limited human clinical trial dataLong-term safety unknownQuality control issues with unregulated productsPregnant or breastfeeding — not studied
Regulatory Status
Classified as unapproved drug by FDA
On DoD Prohibited Dietary Supplement list
Prescription-only in Australia and New Zealand
Not available through legitimate prescriptions
Researcher Notes
- Preclinical safety data is extensive but human data is very limited.
- A 2025 pilot study with IV infusion of 10-20mg showed no adverse effects in 2 adults.
- Use caution with products from unverified sources due to quality concerns.
Compound Information
Technical specifications
Molecular Profile
What Is BPC-157?
TypeSynthetic pentadecapeptide
CAS Number137525-51-0
Molecular Weight1419.5 g/mol
Amino Acids15
SequenceGEPPPGKPADDAGLV
FormulaC62H98N16O22
Storage Requirements
Stability Information
Room temp stable (short-term)Protect from lightResist enzymatic degradation
Lyophilized (powder)
-20°C•stable
Reconstituted
2-8°C•use within 30 days
Gastric stability
24+ hours in gastric juice
Research Status
Where It Stands
Preclinical ResearchNot FDA Approved
OriginHuman gastric juice
Primary researchUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
Clinical trialsPhase 1 completed
Regulatory statusUnapproved drug
Frequently Asked Questions
Common questions about BPC-157 research
BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157) is a synthetic 15-amino acid peptide derived from a larger protein found in human gastric juice. It was discovered during research at the University of Zagreb, Croatia, and has been studied extensively in animal models for its tissue-protective and regenerative properties. The sequence is Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val.
No, BPC-157 is not approved by the FDA or any regulatory agency for human use. It is classified as an unapproved drug. The FDA has issued warnings about BPC-157 being found in compounded products and dietary supplements. Only one Phase 1 clinical trial has been registered, and no Phase 2 or 3 trials have been completed.
Preclinical research (animal studies) has shown BPC-157 may accelerate healing of tendons, ligaments, muscles, and bones; protect the gastrointestinal tract from ulcers and inflammation; have neuroprotective effects; and promote blood vessel formation (angiogenesis). However, these findings have not been confirmed in large-scale human clinical trials.
In research settings, BPC-157 has been administered via multiple routes: subcutaneous injection, intramuscular injection, intravenous infusion, intraperitoneal injection (in animals), and orally. The compound is remarkably stable in gastric juice for over 24 hours, supporting oral bioavailability. Common research doses range from 10 ng/kg to 10 μg/kg in animal studies.
While preclinical studies show no significant toxicity, human safety data is very limited. Key concerns include: lack of FDA approval, unknown long-term effects, theoretical risk of promoting tumor growth due to angiogenic properties, quality control issues with unregulated products, and banned status by WADA since 2022. The compound is not recommended for human use outside of clinical research settings.
Lyophilized (powder) form should be stored at -20°C for long-term stability. Once reconstituted, it should be kept at 2-8°C and used within approximately 30 days. The compound demonstrates remarkable stability and can withstand room temperature for short periods. It resists hydrolysis, enzymatic degradation, and even gastric acid.
Sources & References
Peer-reviewed research
HSS Journal (NIH/PubMed Central)
Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review
2025•DOI: 10.1177/15563316251355551•PMID: 40756949
Vasireddi N, Hahamyan H, Salata MJ, Karns M, Calcei JG, Voos JE, Apostolakos JM
View Source
Journal of Applied PhysiologyThe promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration
2011•DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00945.2010•PMID: 21030672
Chang CH, Tsai WC, Lin MS, Hsu YH, Pang JH
View Source
⚠️Important Research Notice
Not for human consumption. This product is sold exclusively for research and educational purposes. It is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
All clinical trial data and research findings presented on this page are sourced from peer-reviewed journals and official publications. They are provided for educational reference only and should not be interpreted as medical advice or product claims.
By purchasing this product, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher and will use it in accordance with all applicable laws and regulations.
